Biological warfare (BW), also known as germ warfare, is the use of any pathogen (bacterium, virus or other disease-causing organism) or toxin found in nature, as a weapon of war. BW may be intended to kill, incapacitate or seriously impede an adversary. It may also be defined as the material or defense against such employment. The creation and stockpiling of [...]
The following points highlight the three main functional tests conducted on animals. The tests are: 1. Respiratory Functional Tests 2. Kidney Functional Tests 3. Assessment of Liver by Liver Functional Test. 1. Respiratory Functional Tests: Tests on these functions are often carried out because of their greater sensitivity than morphological changes and also because of their ability to detect reversible [...]
In this article we will discuss about:- 1. Causes of Teratogenicity 2. Stage Sensitivity for Teratogenicity 3. Mode of Action of Teratogens 4. Administration of Teratogenic Agent 5. Evaluation of Teratogenic Effects. Causes of Teratogenicity: The toxicants which cause teratogenesis are known as teratogenic agents. A gestating-embryo exhibits great dynamicity of the living cells. The embryonic cells multiply and differentiate [...]